Equal Protection
Equal Protection Constitutional Law Constitutional Law Equal Protection Complete Constitutional Law List Constitutional LawThis topic appears in the UBE 2026 Rules Library master list under Constitutional Law.Equal Prote...
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Individual Rights / Due Process and Equal Protection
Constitutional Law Due Process and Equal Protection Individual Rights Individual Rights / Due Process and Equal Protection Individual Rights Due Process and Equal Protection Individual Rights / Due Process and Equal Prot...
Congress enacted the Equal Access to Courts Act under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Act requires states...
Congress enacted the Equal Access to Courts Act under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Act requires states to provide sign-language interpreters in all criminal, civil, and administrative hearings when a party...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIII, U.S. Const. amend. XIV, sec. 5, City of Boerne v. Flores, United States v. Morrison, Tennessee v. Lane, Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
A state statute provides that eligible residents "shall receive" monthly disability benefits unless the agency finds...
A state statute provides that eligible residents "shall receive" monthly disability benefits unless the agency finds one of five listed grounds for termination. The agency cuts off a recipient's benefits after reviewi...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Board of Regents v. Roth, Mathews v. Eldridge, Goldberg v. Kelly
A state university employed a laboratory supervisor under a civil-service statute providing that permanent employees...
A state university employed a laboratory supervisor under a civil-service statute providing that permanent employees may be discharged only for cause. After a chemical spill, the university president immediately suspe...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Board of Regents v. Roth, Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, Mathews v. Eldridge
A city closes three neighborhood polling places and cites budget constraints. The ordinance does not mention race, bu...
...before adopting the closures. Which statement is most accurate under equal protection? The best answer gives the Arlington Heights rule: disparate impact matters, but discriminatory purpose is needed to trigger strict s...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Washington v. Davis, Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
A city employee, acting against city policy, mistakenly towed and crushed a parked car after reading the wrong addres...
A city employee, acting against city policy, mistakenly towed and crushed a parked car after reading the wrong address from a demolition order. The city had no advance notice that this particular mistake would occur....
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Parratt v. Taylor, Hudson v. Palmer, Daniels v. Williams
A city ordinance requires that 25 percent of every public-construction contract be awarded to subcontractors owned by...
...nminority subcontractor who lost a bid challenges the ordinance under equal protection. Which statement is most accurate? The best answer applies strict scrutiny to the city's express race-based contracting set-aside. U...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
A city requires food-truck operators to obtain a sanitation license, pass a kitchen inspection, and pay an annual fee...
A city requires food-truck operators to obtain a sanitation license, pass a kitchen inspection, and pay an annual fee. A food-truck owner who failed the inspection argues that the ordinance violates substantive due pr...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Nebbia v. New York, Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc.
A nonprofit sports league leases a city stadium for $1 per year. The city appoints one-third of the league's board, a...
...igibility rules, and the child's parent brings a Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim. Which statement is most accurate? The best answer avoids automatic labels and focuses on entwinement and state involvement in...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.
A state fire academy reserves its advanced rescue course for men, explaining that "most women lack the strength and t...
...er who passed the academy's physical test challenges the policy under equal protection. Which statement is most accurate? The best answer applies intermediate scrutiny and rejects broad stereotypes about firefighting abi...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Craig v. Boren, United States v. Virginia
A state law bars any person who owes more than $5,000 in unpaid civil judgments from receiving a marriage license unl...
A state law bars any person who owes more than $5,000 in unpaid civil judgments from receiving a marriage license unless the creditor consents. An engaged couple challenges the law after one partner is denied a licens...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Loving v. Virginia, Zablocki v. Redhail, Obergefell v. Hodges
A state requires every child to attend public school and allows private or home instruction only when a state board f...
...answer distinguishes the parental liberty interest from the separate equal protection rule that education itself is not generally a fundamental right. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Meyer v. Nebraska, Pierce v. Society of Sist...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Meyer v. Nebraska, Pierce v. Society of Sisters, Troxel v. Granville
A state statute provides that only United States citizens may work as public-school teachers, police officers, tax au...
...anent resident denied a janitor position challenges the statute under equal protection. Which statement best describes the governing equal protection framework? The best answer states the general state alienage rule and...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Graham v. Richardson, Sugarman v. Dougall, Foley v. Connelie, Mathews v. Diaz
City A awards contracts for public park construction. After a consultant reported that minority-owned firms had recei...
...outside the preferred zip codes challenges both ordinances under the Equal Protection Clause. The city argues that both ordinances remedy past inequity and promote local economic development. Analyze the equal protectio...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
City D owns a large recreation center but leases it for $1 per year to a nonprofit youth-sports league. The city appo...
...g. Parents of excluded children sue the league and the city under the Equal Protection Clause. The league argues that it is private and that, in any event, age, disability, and wealth classifications are not suspect. Ana...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
State B operates a wildfire-rescue academy. Its rules provide that only male applicants may enter the "rapid extracti...
...o requested leave after the birth of his child also sues. Analyze the equal protection challenges to the academy's sex-based track exclusion, the equipment-carry test, and the parental leave rule. This essay tests interm...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, United States v. Virginia, Craig v. Boren, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
State C enacted the Family Integrity Act. One section bars any person with more than $10,000 in unpaid civil debt jud...
State C enacted the Family Integrity Act. One section bars any person with more than $10,000 in unpaid civil debt judgments from obtaining a marriage license unless a judge finds that the person has made "substantial...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Loving v. Virginia, Zablocki v. Redhail, Troxel v. Granville, Washington v. Glucksberg
Congress enacts a statute under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment requiring states to change their court-access p...
...y state action that Congress considers unfair is now a constitutional equal protection violation. Which statement best describes Congress's Section 5 power? The best answer states the City of Boerne framework for Section...
Citations: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, sec. 5, City of Boerne v. Flores, United States v. Morrison
Mootness
...nd ImmunitiesState ActionProcedural Due ProcessSubstantive Due ProcessEqual ProtectionTakings ClauseContracts ClauseEx Post Facto LawsBills of AttainderFreedom of SpeechContent-Based RegulationContent-Neutral RegulationP...
Ripeness
...nd ImmunitiesState ActionProcedural Due ProcessSubstantive Due ProcessEqual ProtectionTakings ClauseContracts ClauseEx Post Facto LawsBills of AttainderFreedom of SpeechContent-Based RegulationContent-Neutral RegulationP...
Standing
...nd ImmunitiesState ActionProcedural Due ProcessSubstantive Due ProcessEqual ProtectionTakings ClauseContracts ClauseEx Post Facto LawsBills of AttainderFreedom of SpeechContent-Based RegulationContent-Neutral RegulationP...
Obscenity
...nd ImmunitiesState ActionProcedural Due ProcessSubstantive Due ProcessEqual ProtectionTakings ClauseContracts ClauseEx Post Facto LawsBills of AttainderFreedom of SpeechContent-Based RegulationContent-Neutral RegulationP...
Defamation
...nd ImmunitiesState ActionProcedural Due ProcessSubstantive Due ProcessEqual ProtectionTakings ClauseContracts ClauseEx Post Facto LawsBills of AttainderFreedom of SpeechContent-Based RegulationContent-Neutral RegulationP...